Originally developed in an organizational context, the concept of Psychological Capital with its four pillars of Hope, Efficacy, Resilience and Optimism (HERO) has been linked to job as well as life satisfaction. While every component has its own characteristics and interventions, the concept of PsyCap is greater than the sum of its parts.
Based on appreciation and positive emotions, PsyCap is a core construct for well-being and thriving. This article outlines the four elements of PsyCap, looks at the value of the concept as a whole and aims to inspire its use in leadership and coaching.
Investing in People – A Source of Competitive Advantage
The concept of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) was originally designed for organizations. Pioneer Fred Luthans suggested that growth in organizations needs to focus on psychological rather than educational development. He argued that human resources can serve as competitive advantage as they are more inimitable by competitors than physical, structural and financial resources.
Luthans argued that employees possess two types of knowledge: explicit and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge includes skills, abilities and competencies derived from education and experience. Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, is built over time through socialization into the organization. He claimed that tacit knowledge offers a long-term competitive advantage as it is unique, cumulative, interconnected and non-transferable to competitors.
Based on this idea, Luthans urged companies to invest in human capital management including building tacit knowledge rather than hiring a skilled temporary workforce (Fred Luthans & Youssef, 2004). Back then, the idea of investing in people for competitive advantage was considered ground-breaking.
A Concept for All Life Domains
Under the umbrella of positive organizational behavior (POB), the “study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities”, Luthans developed the concept of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) as a source of competitive advantage.
In line with this idea, many studies have since confirmed that high levels of PsyCap are positively related to employee performance and job satisfaction, especially in the services industry (Abbas, Raja, Darr, & Bouckenooghe, 2012; Fred Luthans, Avolio, Avey, & Norman, 2007; Fred Luthans & Youssef, 2007; Youssef & Luthans, 2007).
What is more, employees who strive at work can be assumed to generally have a more fulfilling life due to the strong relationship between job and life satisfaction (Judge & Watanabe, 1993). Accordingly, PsyCap has been linked to outcomes of general importance for individuals. High levels of PsyCap have been found to positively influence well-being, health outcomes such as lower BMI and cholesterol levels and satisfaction with one’s relationships (Lorenz, Beer, Pütz, & Heinitz, 2016). Using the concept of PsyCap, leaders and coaches can:
“leverage to tap into still largely uncharted territories of human strengths, thriving, and excellence” (Fred Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017).
Definition and Measurement of Psychological Capital (PsyCap)
PsyCap is defined as “an individual’s positive psychological state of development” (Fred Luthans, et al., 2007) which is characterized by having high levels of HERO; the four elements of Hope, (Self-)Efficacy, Resilience and Optimism. The concept of PsyCap has become even more relevant with recent findings in the area of neuroplasticity. Since our brain is malleable, PsyCap can be developed and strengthened. Further, PsyCap can be managed and assessed.
Several scales have been developed to measure PsyCap. The original scale developed by Luthans, Youssef and Avolio (2007) in the context of organizatios is the Psychological Capital Questionnaire 24 (PCQ-24). For a more general application in all domains of life, Lorenz et al. (2016) developed the Compound PsyCap Scale (CPC-12), a twelve-item self-report scale.
Here is an overview of the concept of PsyCap:
Application of PsyCap in Leadership and Coaching
As Shawn Achor (2011) claims, we are successful when we are happy, not the other way around. So if we are more hopeful, efficacious, resilient and optimistic, we are more likely to “weather the storm” in a dynamic organizational or a challenging personal environment. Hence, the concept of PsyCap is equally important for coaches and leaders.
Here is an overview of the four components of PsyCap and the interventions which can be used to further build on this capital. It is important to keep in mind that the level of PsyCap as a whole has a stronger relationship than each of the four components individually, as will be discussed later.
Hope
Hope and optimism are both personality traits which have been linked to physiological and psychological well-being (Du, Bernardo, & Yeung, 2015). According to Rick Snyer et al. (1991 p. 257),
“hopeful thought reflects the belief that one can find pathways to desired goals and become motivated to use those pathways”.
Hence, hope is a cognitive process which motivates to find willpower (goal-directed determination) and waypower (planning of ways to meet goals) which leads to positive emotions (the expectation of meeting desired goals). Here is a two-minute video on Snyder’s hope theory:
“We must accept finite disappointment but never lose infinite hope” Martin Luther King
How to develop Hope
Enriching the following three components has found to be successful in developing hope:
1. Goal setting and perceived ability (pathway thoughts)
The concept of hope is strongly based upon the belief that individuals want to achieve goals. Generally, approach-oriented goals (moving towards something) are emphasized over avoidance-oriented (moving away from something) goals.
In a work context, ideally goals are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-based as well as clearly communicated. Leaders can support employees by breaking down complex, difficult goals into bite-size portions. What is more, appreciating or even celebrating small milestones can be a key motivation for employees. They become more confident they can reach the goals (Fred Luthans & Youssef, 2004).
In coaching sessions, the goals themselves may not necessarily need be defined as specific tasks. Rather, goals may lie in a desired change in behavior or emotional state (Lippmann, 2013).
Importantly however, the current state as well as the desired state can be pinned on a scale of
0 – 10. To enhance goal setting, coachees can be guided to develop a mental movie of how they will reach the desired goal (Fischer-Epe, 2016). This intervention strengthens the understanding of the goal and enhances the client’s belief that they can reach it.
2. Motivation (agency thoughts)
Autonomy and meaning have found to be key factors to create intrinsic motivation with employees. You can find more information on motivation in the article “Motivation and Wellbeing”.
Although clients generally decide for themselves what they would like to achieve through coaching, their goal needs to be validated as their own. Often, coachees confuse their goals with what they believe others would want them to achieve. As a result, coachees may lack a sense of motivation towards a goal they do not “own”.
Efficacy
Bandura (1997) defined self-efficacy as “people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce effects”. Whether we have the confidence to take on and put in the necessary effort to succeed at challenging tasks determines how we feel, think and motivate ourselves. The belief that we can produce a desired effect is a major incentive to act in the first place. The higher our efficacy expectancy, the harder we will work to achieve our goals, leading to higher probability of success.
There are two key ingredients to self-efficacy:
1. Outcome expectancy (examination of what needs to be done)
2. Efficacy expectancy (examination of our own capability to do what needs to be done)
Here is a great video which explains Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy in only 6 minutes:
“Believe you can and you’re halfway there” T. Roosevelt
How to develop Self-efficacy
Bandura (1994) found that our level of self-efficacy is affected by the following processes:
Cognitive (thoughts shape reality)
Motivational (expected outcomes based on our beliefs shape our motivation)
Affective (perceived coping self-efficacy regulates avoidance behavior)
Selection (we only expose ourselves to situations we believe we can master)
Here are four ways to strengthen efficacy:
1. Focus on past success (mastery experiences)
Looking at past success is a robust way to increase levels of self-efficacy. In a coaching or leadership environment, it is often about finding (increasing awareness) and appreciating success stories rather than creating them. Especially clients with a high external locus of control tend to lend positive events to external factors or luck (Ajzen, 2002). Therefore, by outlining the factors, traits and strengths which contributed to the success we can create mastery experiences which may lead to higher levels of self-efficacy.
2. Copy other people (social modelling)
Seeing people in similar situations overcoming obstacles increases the belief that one, too, can do it. Importantly, the models need to be perceived similar to oneself in order to feel a strong sense of confidence in ones capabilities. Again, clients with low self-esteem are likely to perceive other people to have a greater skills repertoire than they themselves. These thought patterns need to be challenged in order for social modelling to be successful.
3. Create situations for success (social persuasion)
While verbal persuasion can be a great source of confidence, it can be difficult to overcome self-doubts. As leaders, in addition to verbal persuasion we can structure situations for employees in ways that bring success and in turn avoid placing people in situations prematurely where they are likely to fail.
4. Reframe negative experience (psychological responses)
How we interpret our physical and emotional reaction in situations of stress and tension affects how we judge fatigue and our vulnerability to stress. People with high levels of self-efficacy are able to see a state of affective arousal as an energizing facilitator of performance. Similar to Carol Dweck’s concept of mindset, this shows that how we perceive obstacles has an impact on how we deal with them. We all experience fatigue, resistance and fear at times. By discussing psychological responses with a client or employee they may be able to see a state of emotional arousal before a presentation as a sign of anticipation and curiosity rather than weakness can greatly increase performance and therefore self-efficacy.
Resilience
Resilience is the capacity to bounce back from adversity and grow stronger from overcoming negative events (Fred Luthans, 2002; Reivich & Shatté, 2002). We all experience hardship and rejection in life. But what makes us successful and striving is not defined by how often we get rejected but how often we bounce back and give it one more go. In essence, resilience is about learning to fall.
“Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.” Confucius
How to develop Resilience
According to Senior Editor Diane Coutu (2002), resilience is a combination of the following three capacities:
1. Face Reality
In situations of despair and hopelessness, the best way to cope is to face reality rather than thinking positively. If we expect things to get better soon, we may lose the energy and hope when the situation does not change quickly enough. Therefore, in difficult situations, facing and accepting reality may create a better basis to endure hardship for the time it lasts.
2. Search for Meaning
Being able to find meaning even when facing a fate that cannot be changed is at core of resilience. Having a purpose in life is one of the five pillars of Seligman’s in his PERMA model of happiness (Slavin, Schindler, Chibnall, Fendell, & Shoss, 2012). Helping coachees and employees to find or create meaning strengthens their level of resilience.
3. Improvise
The ability to deal with a situation with whatever we have at hand is a strong predictor of our ability to bounce back from adversity. It is not so much the tools we are given, but the ability to improvise and find new ways to reach a goal. Leaders are role models for their employees and their ability to improvise is crucial. In a coaching session, brainstorming different ideas to solve a problem can strengthen the coachee in their ability to improvise.
Optimism
Optimism has been defined as making a positive attribution about succeeding now and in the future. People with a low external locus of control tend to internalize positive events and take the credit. They believe that in order for something good to happen, they need to work for it. Optimists, however, believe that good things will happen to them in the future, not matter what.
“Live life as if everything is rigged in your favor” Rumi
How to develop Optimism
Developing optimism is all about changing focus. It can be developed by exercises of accepting the past, appreciating the moment and viewing the future as a source of opportunity. The way we assess past events has a major impact on how we predict the future. Reframing is a great technique with coaches as well as employees to achieve a change in vision and it can be used by leaders in the context of organizations as well as in coaching and therapy sessions.
PsyCap Greater than its Parts
The concept of PsyCap is made up of the four elements of Hope, Efficacy, Resilience and Optimism, with the commonality of appreciation and the positive appraisal of events. Developing one resource tends to boost the other ones as well.
While there is a lot to be said for every one of the components, the concept of Psycap is greater than the sum of its parts. Hobfoll (2002) points out a tendency for “enrichment of all resources among those who possess a solid resource reservoir”. Hence, the four components form a higher-order construct which maximizes its potential when all four areas are taken into consideration.
Recently, there have been new ways of including all four elements in interventions. Luthans & Youssef (2017) point to gamification as a way to train all four capacities. The use of positive video games, inspirational YouTube videos and Apps such as “Happify” is being tested to increase engagement and sustainability of PsyCap development.
As we spread our attention across all four areas of PsyCap and use new technology to create fun interventions we can create real value towards job and life satisfaction.
Take home message
The concept of PsyCap is strongly linked to increased wellbeing, work and life satisfaction. Developing even one the four areas of hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism in employees and coachees has a positive effect on the other elements. Many of the tools in positive psychology are based on appreciation and are closely linked to this concept and therefore indirectly stimulate HERO. For the best outcome use interventions which influence more than one area.
So what is the main intervention to develop PsyCap? As it is often the case, the simple tools have the most impact. Making employees and coachees aware of the concept and appreciating their level of HERO may already have a positive effect. Because becoming aware of this great source of capital, this great HERO we all carry within, is a powerful intervention in itself.
This article was first published on https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/psychological-capital-psycap/
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